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Trading Fundamentals

Cash Flow

Cash flow measures the actual money moving into and out of a business during a period. Unlike earnings (which include non-cash items), cash flow shows real liquidity. The cash flow statement breaks this into operating, investing, and financing activities.

Understanding the Concept

• Operating cash flow: cash from core business operations • Investing cash flow: capital expenditures, acquisitions • Financing cash flow: debt, dividends, stock buybacks • Free cash flow = operating cash flow minus capital expenditures

Real-World Example

A company reports $100M in earnings but only $60M in operating cash flow. The difference comes from non-cash items like stock compensation and working capital changes. Investors prefer consistent, strong cash flow because you can't pay dividends or buy back stock with accounting earnings, only real cash.

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